Study/Release Test Type Infected (%) Undercount/ Ascertainment Bias Regional IFR (%) Population Link

French Study Serological 4.40 15.00 0.70 French Population https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/12/science.abc3517

IUPUI Study Serological 2.80 7.39 0.58 Hoosier Population https://news.iu.edu/stories/2020/05/iupui/releases/13-preliminary-findings-impact-covid-19-indiana-coronavirus.html

Continuous Spanish Study Serological 5.50 10.05 1.00 Whole Spanish Population https://www.isciii.es/Noticias/Noticias/Paginas/Noticias/PrimerosDatosEstudioENECOVID19.aspx

London HCW Screening PCR 7.10 35.00 0.54 London Health Care Workers https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31100-4/fulltext

Second Switzerland Study Serological 9.70 9.55 0.50 Geneva https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088898v1.full.pdf

SF Study PCR 1.40 7.04 0.25 Mission District Latinx Population https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/05/417356/initial-results-mission-district-covid-19-testing-announced

Czech Study Serological 0.40 5.00 0.59 Czech Population https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-czech-covid-incidence-population.html

Slovenia Study Serological 3.30 45.00 0.16 Slovenian Population https://www.gov.si/en/news/2020-05-06-first-study-carried-out-on-herd-immunity-of-the-population-in-the-whole-territory-of-slovenia/

Super-spreader Study PCR 15.50 5.00 0.36 Super-spreader event in Germany https://www.ukbonn.de/C12582D3002FD21D/vwLookupDownloads/Streeck_et_al_Infection_fatality_rate_of_SARS_CoV_2_infection2.pdf/%24FILE/Streeck_et_al_Infection_fatality_rate_of_SARS_CoV_2_infection2.pdf

Swedish Serological Study Serological 10.00 25.00 0.18 Stockholm https://www.kth.se/aktuellt/nyheter/10-procent-av-stockholmarna-smittade-1.980727

Idaho Study Serological/PCR 1.79 13.00 0.17 Boise Population https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.20082362v1

HCW Madrid Study Serological/PCR 11.20 31.00 0.56 Madrid Hospital Workers https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.27.20082289v1

Iranian Study Serological 33.00 543.00 0.12 Guilan province, Iran https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.20079244v1

Kobe Serology Study Serological 2.70 627.00 0.06 Kobe, Japan https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.26.20079822v1.full.pdf

Total COVID-19 Mortality in Italy PCR 67.00 35.00 0.50 Italy extrapolated to NYC https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.15.20067074v2

Danish Blood Donor Study Serological 1.70 11.00 0.08 Danish Blood Donors < 70 years old https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.24.20075291v1

Swedish Study Serological 20.00 105.00 0.11 Swedish Hospital Workers https://www.ds.se/om-oss/press2/#/pressreleases/var-femte-medarbetare-har-haft-covid-19-2994310

Continous New York State Study Serological 19.99 10.06 0.77 New York City Residents https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/amid-ongoing-covid-19-pandemic-governor-cuomo-announces-results-completed-antibody-testing

Italian Epidemic Report PCR 10.70 30.00 0.40 Italian Healthcare Workers https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_16-aprile-2020.pdf#page=13

International Medical Cluster Study Serological 10.00 50.00 0.03 Moscow Residents https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-antibodies/up-to-one-in-10-residents-of-moscow-may-have-had-coronavirus-infections-laboratory-idUSKCN2262Z7?utm_source=reddit.com

Miami-Dade Study Serological 6.00 15.00 0.20 Miami-Dade Residents https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242260406.html?fbclid=IwAR2svgTSw4gmNvTrCl35bG1lYQtmqkMXOc4Sre_92zLdJx1Uyr1T6FeaR2U

New York Study Serological 13.90 11.20 0.56 New York State Residents https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/amid-ongoing-covid-19-pandemic-governor-cuomo-announces-statewide-antibody-testing-survey-will

Northern France Study Serological 25.90 582.00 0.00 Oise high school students https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.20071134v1

Northern France Study Serological 3.00 69.00 0.50 Oise blood donors https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.18.20071134v1

Ohio Prison Data PCR 66.00 0.57 Marion Correctional Institution https://drc.ohio.gov/Portals/0/DRC%20COVID-19%20Information%2005-03-2020%201253.pdf

Ohio Prison Data PCR 73.00 1.44 Pickaway Correctional Institution https://drc.ohio.gov/Portals/0/DRC%20COVID-19%20Information%2005-03-2020%201253.pdf

Greek Repatriation Flights PCR 6.30 59.65 0.15 Repatriated Barcelonians https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/doi/10.1093/jtm/taaa054/5820895

Switzerland Study Serological 5.50 10.00 0.40 Geneva https://www.hug-ge.ch/medias/communique-presse/seroprevalence-covid-19-premiere-estimation

LA County Serological 4.10 41.50 0.20 LA County http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phcommon/public/media/mediapubhpdetail.cfm?prid=2328&fbclid=IwAR3MpnIeX6earYrGRwAGrMWpEr3K5MOk7zB29hgNHJW4krvpyeGJRGEHqT8

LA County Flu Surveillance PCR 5.00 100.00 0.01 LA Flu Surveillance https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2764137?guestAccessKey=525fc308-4cd3-4670-ad73-15b8b019f2a8&utm_source=For_The_Media&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=ftm_links&utm_content=tfl&utm_term=033120&fbclid=IwAR002a6aaBUV-_4OMIzIofWAjp_DAbB8hZejGVA5BLOvrEUR68tVb1prP8A

Wuhan Hospital Serological 10.00 22.10 0.36 Wuhan Region https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.25904

Chelesa Data Serological 33.00 30.10 0.71 Chelesa Street Survey https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/04/17/business/nearly-third-200-blood-samples-taken-chelsea-show-exposure-coronavirus/?fbclid=IwAR3XQlYzGz7cMfc3nmQSAbG8jTICJ7nkG8ZMfH-fObf8QmQ2FYthvSiAEkQ

Santa Clara County Serological 2.80 24.50 0.17 Santa Clara County https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20062463v2

Flu-like Surveillance PCR 10.00 100.00 0.05 Flu Surveillance https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.01.20050542v2?fbclid=IwAR0ccDKohage1txFGvJ7kSZavLbhx1xUg_-UcxT_Kjq43rAKXh2GB-0Ttxc

Dutch Survey Serological 3.00 31.00 0.67 Netherlands https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-25862/v1

German Survey Serological 14.00 20.00 0.37 Gangelt https://www.uni-bonn.de/news/111-2020?set_language=en

Iceland Continous Sampling PCR 1.00 0.28 Iceland https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2006100

Finnish Institute Serological 3.40 6.00 0.39 Helsinki https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/number-of-people-with-coronavirus-infections-may-be-dozens-of-times-higher-than-the-number-of-confirmed-cases?fbclid=IwAR3bDYNRIQBQFxhJdrmjypoHtbk_thqb5E_ayR9IUU3FUGeXrP3oc6GwpS0

Scottish Blood Donors Serological 0.60 20.00 Scotland https://figshare.com/articles/Serological_analysis_of_1000_Scottish_blood_donor_samples_for_anti-SARSCoV2_antibodies_collected_in_March_2020/12116778/2?fbclid=IwAR1wkF1QVZeAt6jDNmeWVJwBmK6Bo8zYPnBRJruvfOYqYO9qFEXuMndjpI8

Homeless Sample PCR 36.00 37.00 0.08 Boston Homeless https://www.wbur.org/commonhealth/2020/04/14/coronavirus-boston-homeless-testing?fbclid=IwAR0Ai5luXYXKOGLB8Y-znlk0yXakg5Q_R_mowEV1bU8AGt15VaC2a99Ft7g

Pregnant Sample PCR 14.00 17.00 0.53 Pregnant Women in NYC https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2009316?fbclid=IwAR0MOuMrCb3xe0lfiNMZwND4FN_HSDimM_fLdBrmDXuWeJzLVc4bnKlH48M

Pregnant Sample PCR 7.00 143.00 0.05 Pregnant Women in Sweden https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/coronatestar-alla-gravida-pa-forlossningen-sju-procent-smittade?fbclid=IwAR2nGl4OLF0rduQVKr3YF4C1K54s45jIym8Y0eEpQTNlfriIkGKrDveCcG0

Madrid Study PCR 11.60 31.00 0.54 Madrid Hospital Workers https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.20055723v1?fbclid=IwAR0mg2DXxFZUNuzYuGuQOkwgQySH5_bUpwODJdWeWFONjCAbheml28hxPCs

Swedish Study PCR 2.50 20.00 0.08 Stockholm https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2020/april/resultat-fran-undersokning-av-forekomsten-av-covid-19-i-region-stockholm/?fbclid=IwAR2YDRAod3hXJ8CB0-2n3VB2ei30LFB3jsN6Ek9MolXitelycNv6ZpIrm-g

Denmark Study Serological 70.00 0.05 Capital Region https://www.sst.dk/-/media/Udgivelser/2020/Corona/Status-og-strategi/COVID19_Status-6-uge.ashx?la=da&hash=6819E71BFEAAB5ACA55BD6161F38B75F1EB05999&fbclid=IwAR0yF9-CVqtvldch1wRB0d2esxDwzH-rjv3XRJq62Qt1WWAkR48BIMauvbI

Gibraltar Study PCR 2.00 7.00 0.00 Gibraltar Region https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnlMRUWSX2Q&fbclid=IwAR1UO7j5YD_QQnaBwCJRyk1fxr1j0_Vkr7pLJCmqvbvXHPt1FMB82BpYr0U

Private SF Study Serological 0.50 10.00 0.15 Self-Selected SF Residents https://twitter.com/friedberg/status/1245461209542868992?s=20&fbclid=IwAR2gmBbFnTMcp4pl2d-x8nkvQDXVRB3q-4h3Og3etHmxXZ4W5-g_NbyaABE

Italy Town Sample PCR 70.00 10.00 1.00 Sample of whole Italian town https://www.lastampa.it/topnews/primo-piano/2020/04/02/news/coronavirus-castiglione-d-adda-e-un-caso-di-studio-il-70-dei-donatori-di-sangue-e-positivo-1.38666481?fbclid=IwAR2w8-93Obhq4uRHpZYbbn-yEO_LjmCPMtQdXQ-wkkmCInIj9rxXJeEAwJc

San Miguel Sample Serological 2.00 15.00 0.00 Sample of whole Colorado town https://www.sanmiguelcountyco.gov/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=511&fbclid=IwAR3XfQkv1OCSuOY-w1FkDCu0BDGnG07yf-D9_Ilne_Bd8oYAnJ80S6w2QZU

Italian Analysis PCR 5.00 1.00 Repatriation Data https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30227-9/fulltext?fbclid=IwAR3b9eOpxeQLbUxmxjFHGK2b2M2tM7dRerS0Y5cWPV6H6B1QPqZsN_GzDX0

Wuhan Repatriation PCR 34.00 46.00 0.12 Repatriation Flights https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.12.20022434v2?fbclid=IwAR0xX_0fZLr2K0DCh9X8uIlbE1GJPnRpDikxBrah3UD14vRP21yI3kHDBR8

Wuhan Flu Surveillance PCR 1.40 20.00 Wuhan Flu Data https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-0713-1

Covid-19 Simulation PCR 0.60 Repatriation Data https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033357v1.full.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3ATHWmq2CQRMGy95V-YV6LZ4hBZcXt2WJuKhmEBxuvcoHY9mdNM-HsB8E

Covid-19 Simulation PCR 5.00 Simulation https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/03/24/science.abb3221.full?fbclid=IwAR3NQ_ybQnjzyysGQPvLsb-9zfKOoHYY22CJMMbry7-mCGEC1LYcTjQf0Z0

Early French Analysis PCR 8.00 0.80 Simulation https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.22